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Solutions and Application Potential of Energy Systems for Lunar Bases in Short，Medium，and Long Terms
LIU Zekuan, YU Jiayue, WU Menghao, CHEN Yuting, FEI Teng, MEI Hongyuan
2026,43(4):1-12 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.001
Abstract:
The Moon serves as a strategic outpost and core hub for human deep-space exploration.The energy system is the fundamental support for the construction and long-term operation of a lunar base，and its technology selection directly determines the base's habitation capability and mission boundaries.Current studies on the energy systems for lunar bases mostly focus on the performance optimization of individual power generation technologies，lacking a graded solution scheme deeply integrated with the short-，medium-，and long-term development strategies of the bases.Based on the crewed missions in different periods of a lunar base，this paper clarifies the energy demands under various mission requirements，compares and analyzes the available energy driving sources on the Moon，and identifies solar energy as the appropriate driving source for power generation.Thermoelectric generators (TEGs)，photovoltaic-regenerative fuel cells，and closed Brayton-organic Rankine cycle systems are suggested to be applied in different periods of a lunar base.The drawbacks of nuclear power generation systems are explicitly revealed.A composite thermal power system architecture is presented，which can satisfy the multi-energy demands of a lunar base.This work further refines the energy technology development systems for lunar bases，and lays a foundation for the subsequent engineering validation and technological iteration of energy systems for lunar bases.
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QU Wenjie, GU Meirong, MEI Yueni, LIU Junjie, LIU Shuo, SHANG Yanxin, WANG Zhen, TANG Zecheng, ZHOU Lin, CHEN Renjie
2026,43(4):13-25 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.002
Abstract:
With the rapid advancement of deep space exploration and long-duration on-orbit missions，the development of highly reliable energy storage devices capable of adapting to extreme space environments has become a central challenge in aerospace technologies.In this paper，the core scientific issues faced by energy storage devices under multiple extreme conditions，e.g.，extreme temperatures，high vacuum and complex atmospheric pressures，particle radiation，and dynamically variable gravity fields，are systematically summarized，starting from the multidimensional extreme environments in space.The failure mechanisms related to material structural degradation，interfacial instability，and electrochemical kinetic deterioration are further revealed.On this basis，recent research progress in key frontier areas，such as extreme environment simulation，wide-temperature-range battery systems，efficient thermal management functional materials，radiation-tolerant solar cells，and high-precision energy storage structural design，are highlighted.Finally，the future development trends in this field are outlined，emphasizing that the intelligent material design，exploration of diverse technological pathways，and establishment of ground-space consistent evaluation methods will drive the next generation of space energy storage devices toward higher specific energy，enhanced environmental adaptability，and extended service lifespan.
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TANG Sheng, LI Jiexiang, WANG Xiaomin, LIU Xinnan, YANG Yue, SUN Wei
2026,43(4):26-34 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.003
Abstract:
The performance of cathode materials in thermal batteries has a decisive impact on the overall output characteristics and safety/stability of the batteries.As a typical high-reliability power source，thermal batteries are widely used in aerospace，weaponry，and emergency energy systems due to their long storage life，rapid activation，and wide environmental adaptability.Iron sulfides，such as FeS₂，have attracted considerable attention owing to their high theoretical specific capacity and abundant reserves.However，their intrinsically poor electronic conductivity and limited thermal stability constrain their further applications.This study focuses on natural pyrite.The natural pyrite sample is regulated through flotation，acid leaching，and heat treatment，and a synthetized high-purity FeS₂ serves as the reference.The structural features and electrochemical performance of the two are systematically compared.The X-ray fluorescence (XRF) results indicate that，in addition to the major elements Fe and S，the processed natural pyrite contains transition-metal impurities such as Ni and Cu.The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirms that its crystal structure is primarily composed of FeS₂ and CuFeS₂ phases.The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows a decomposition temperature of approximately 450 °C，evidencing the detrimental effect of impurities on the thermal stability.The electrochemical testing demonstrates that the natural pyrite sample supports stable discharge，with both average discharge voltage and specific capacity exceeding those of the synthesized FeS₂.The density functional theory calculations reveal that Ni/Cu dopants modulate the electronic density of states (DOS) and charge distribution of FeS₂，thereby facilitating the electron transport and optimizing the reaction pathways，which collectively enhance the performance.The research results reveal the synergistic regulation mechanism of trace transition metal doping in natural pyrite on the electrochemical behavior，providing new theoretical basis and experimental support for the performance optimization of FeS₂-based cathode materials in high-reliability thermal battery systems and high-value utilization of natural minerals in fields such as aerospace.
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LIU Mengyuan, ZHU Jian, HUA Junyi, LI Long, LI Ruhong, GUO Rui, FAN Xiulin
2026,43(4):35-43 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.004
Abstract:
In order to solve the incompatibility between propylene carbonate (PC)-based electrolyte and graphite anode，a new oxathiazolidine-based additive，tert-butyl 1，2，3-oxathiazolidine-3-carboxylate 2，2-dioxide (BOCD)，is proposed in this study.With the density functional theory calculations，electrochemical tests，and multi-scale characterizations，the film-forming mechanism at the graphite-electrolyte interface is intensively investigated.The results show that BOCD is more prone to reductive activation than PC.Under Li+ coordination and electron injection，its C-O bond preferentially cleaves，leading to the decomposition and formation of a solid electrolyte interphase rich in lithium sulfate，lithium sulfite，and nitrogen-containing organic components，which effectively suppresses solvent co-intercalation and protects the graphite structure.The 1 A.h 3.40 mA.h/cm² graphite||2.769 mA.h/cm² LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 pouch cell using the electrolyte containing BOCD demonstrates stable cycling for 226 cycles，validating the effectiveness of this film-forming strategy in improving the stability of the PC/graphite interface.This work provides a new molecular design strategy and experimental basis for developing PC-based lithium-ion battery electrolytes for wide-temperature and high-reliability applications，including aerospace scenarios.
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XIE Chaoxiang, LI Wei, ZHANG Tingting, SHEN Chuanjie, LI Guorui, YANG Chenfan, XIE Haiwen, ZHU Hongru, JI Yuhui, WU Bo
2026,43(4):44-51 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.005
Abstract:
Lithium-ion batteries have become the most widely used storage batteries in aerospace，aviation，and equipment applications，owing to their high energy density，long cycle life，and no memory effect performance.At present，safety is a hot research spot of lithium-ion batteries，and the main research content includes material，interface stability，electrolyte，and battery structure design.The interface stability of the electrodes of lithium-ion batteries is an important factor affecting their safety performance.Many researchers have reported that the electrochemical stability and safety performance of electrodes could be improved by being coated or modified with inactive materials.In this paper，an inert Al2O3 nano-coating is used to modify the surface of a lithium-ion battery cathode，and the effects of the modification on the electrical performance，thermal performance，and safety performance of the battery thermal runaway safety performance are investigated.The results show that the introduction of Al2O3 could reduce the reaction heat rate from 175 mW/g to 110 mW/g，reduce the battery’s thermal runaway temperature from 316 ℃ to 280 ℃，and decrease the peak temperature rise rate from 1 400℃/min to 16 ℃/min.The Al2O3-nano-coating can effectively improve the thermal stability of cathodes，and reduce the battery's runaway temperature and heat rise rate simultaneously，greatly enhancing the battery's safety.
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SHI Xianglei, GUO Zhejun, SHAO Wenlong, LEI Renbo, YANG Qiaobing, ZHOU Lihua, ZHANG Zhanfei, QIAN Yong, WU Min, SUN Lijie, LI Xinyi
2026,43(4):52-60 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.006
Abstract:
To meet the application requirements of high power to weight ratio and flexible for solar cells，in this paper，a high-effective process for 5J thin-film gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cell is proposed.First，thermal annealing treatment is carried out to balance the stress in the double-mismatched 5J GaAs epitaxial layer，and a pyrolytic film is taken as the temporarily bonded film.Then，the processes of epitaxial layer lift-off and isolation groove etching are optimized.The obtained 5J thin-film GaAs solar cell has an open circuit voltage of 4.58 V，short circuit current of 12.02 mA/cm2，efficiency of 32.8% (AM0)，and size of 2 cm×4 cm，with a weight-to-power ratio of 2 030 W/kg.The results can provide research basis for future wearable lightweight and efficient energy supply system for space/near space and ground.
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SUN Weixiang, WANG Xinzheng, LI Shuo, CHEN Dachuan, SHI Leilei, XU Hao, LIU Shichao
2026,43(4):61-73 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.007
Abstract:
The design of transmit-receive (TR) power supply system is a challenging engineering task，with high requirements for the overall machine efficiency，input voltage range，and power density.Based on the description of the TR power supply system architecture，this paper compares the advantages and disadvantages of different selection schemes from the aspects of topology selection and control algorithm for TR power supplies，and elaborates the DC/DC topology optimization method based on TR power supplies in detail.Then，a review is made on the current sharing technologies for multi-module parallel connection and multi-tube parallel connection.The characteristic studies and state monitoring technologies for external capacitor arrays are summarized，along with the characteristics of the subsequent pulse load.Subsequently，the current research hotspots and prospects of the TR power supply are reviewed，including the applications of wide bandgap semiconductors and module packaging，intelligent thermal control and thermal-electrical coupling modeling，soft-start dynamic response technologies，and digital power supply control technologies.In summary，this article sorts out the future research directions and key technologies for TR power supplies，providing a reference for the development of new TR power supplies.
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CHEN Qifei, HU Wenjie, DONG Jiaqi, LI Tao, QIU Yunlong, HE Yijian
2026,43(4):74-82 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.008
Abstract:
To address the challenges of thermal protection and power supply insufficiency faced by hypersonic vehicles，a supercritical CO2 semi-Brayton cooling and power system is proposed.In this system，the CO2 on the high-pressure side absorbs the aerodynamic heat in a transcritical manner during the cooling process of the vehicle’s wall，expands to perform work，and then is discharged into the environment.This configuration simultaneously cools the high-temperature wall and generates electrical energy，achieving both cooling and power.Considering the typical operating conditions of hypersonic vehicles，a thermodynamic analysis of the system is conducted，and the effects of varying heat absorption pressures and outlet temperatures within the cooling channel on the system’s cooling and power generation capabilities are studied.The results indicate that compared with a closed Brayton system，the proposed system significantly enhances the combined cooling and power performance.Specifically，under different heat absorption pressures，the amount of absorbed aerodynamic heat increases by 9.1%-31.3%，and the output power increases by 19.0%-42.8%.Moreover，with varying outlet temperatures in the cooling channel，the heat absorption increases by 13.2%，and the output power increases by 38.0%.Notably，when the heat absorption pressure is between 10 MPa and 30 MPa and the cooling channel outlet temperature is between 770 K and 1 000 K，the system achieves a remarkable thermal efficiency of up to 40.8%.Furthermore，when operating for less than 60 minutes，the mass of the semi-Brayton system is lower than that of a closed Brayton system，demonstrating a 54% reduction in the mass compared with the battery.Collectively，the supercritical CO2 semi-Brayton cooling and power system presented in this study offers a novel solution for the new demands of harsh thermal protection and power supply faced by future hypersonic vehicles.
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LI Yinwei, YANG Di, LI Xiaopeng, ZHU Yiming, QIU Liang
2026,43(4):83-91 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.009
Abstract:
In view of the fact that the traditional forward-looking radar imaging technology can only achieve two-dimensional (2D) imaging，in this paper，a forward-looking three-dimensional (3D) imaging method for terahertz radar is proposed.First，based on the multi-transmitter and multi-receiver mechanism of uniform circular array (UCA)，an echo model for the forward-looking 3D imaging of terahertz vortex radar is established.Second，with the time-sharing multimodal scanning imaging method，3D imaging is achieved by using the amplitude and phase differences of different modal vortex electromagnetic waves，i.e.，the amplitude differences at different elevation angles and the phase differences at different azimuth angles，based on 2D imaging.Finally，an improved backward project-distance Doppler algorithm is proposed，by which the 3D focusing imaging of targets can be achieved while improving the imaging efficiency.The simulation imaging results of point targets verify the 3D imaging capability of the proposed method in the coverage scenarios of terahertz multimodal vortex waves.
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High-performance Surface Acoustic Wave Resonator Based on Lithium Tantalate Film and Silicon Carbide
WU Zonglin, LI Shijia, QIAN Hangyu, YANG Guomin
2026,43(4):92-98 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.010
Abstract:
In this paper，a shear horizontal (SH) surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator based on silicon carbide substrate is proposed，which has a significant improvement in the quality factor compared with the conventional Si substrate-based SAW resonator.The geometrical parameters of the device are determined by analyzing the SH wave propagation characteristics on the LiTaO3/SiO2/SiC multilayer substrate.The micro-nano processing techniques are used to prepare the LiTaO3/SiO2/Si device，and the comparative experiments are carried out.The results show that the LiTaO3/SiO2/SiC device has a quality factor two times that of the LiTaO3/SiO2/Si device，and confirms to the theoretical acoustic wave propagation characteristics.This device is more applicable for filters，oscillators，and sensors than conventional devices.
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HUANG Xiaofeng, PENG Xiaoshuai, GUO Huangyu, LI Chenming, WANG Haibin
2026,43(4):99-111 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.011
Abstract:
Owing to their excellent electrical performance and relatively low cost，insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBT) have been widely used in spacecraft power systems，motor drive systems，and propulsion systems.However，the space environment contains abundant high-energy particles that may induce single-event effects (SEEs) in the IGBTs，potentially causing device failures and severely compromising spacecraft operations.Focusing on aerospace applications，this paper systematically reviews studies on SEEs in IGBTs.The generation mechanisms，failure processes，and influencing factors of SEEs in IGBTs are comprehensively analyzed.The existing shortcomings in current research are pointed out，and two key research directions are suggested.Through a systematic overview on SEEs in IGBTs under space radiation environments，valuable references can be provided for studies and radiation-hardened designs of SEEs in IGBTs.
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HUANG Ziheng, YU Xian, DU Xiaoyu, JIANG Mei, SHEN Jiang, SUN Jianxu, CHENG Yujian
2026,43(4):112-122 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.012
Abstract:
To address the challenge of achieving tile-based high-density integration in ultra-wideband phased array radio frequency (RF) channels with traditional high-frequency half-wavelength (0.5λhigh) spacing，this study proposes a dual-polarized phased array antenna with 0.6λhigh spacing based on sliced Vivaldi antenna elements.To suppress the introduced in-band parasitic modes，the current loop is optimized，and electrical connections are implemented between adjacent polarization units.A transition structure is designed to achieve multi-stage matching and reduce reflection loss.The simulation results show that the designed array achieves normal active voltage standing wave ratios (VSWRs) smaller than 2.5 in the working frequency band of 2 GHz to 18 GHz，and enables ±45° scanning in both the E-plane and H-plane within the grating lobe-free frequency range.The port isolation is greater than 40 dB，and the polarization isolation is greater than 30 dB.Finally，a large element spacing array of more than half-wavelength spacing is achieved，which significantly reduces the difficulty in RF front-end integration.At the same time，it saved more than 30% of array elements compared with a rectangular array of half-wavelength spacing.To validate the proposed design，a 20×20 array prototype is fabricated and measured.The measured and simulated results agree well with each other.
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WANG Yihan, XIE Guojun, WANG Rui, LI Teng
2026,43(4):123-131 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.013
Abstract:
In this paper，a millimeter-wave dual-band reconfigurable reflectarray antenna (RRA) is proposed.It can achieve 1-bit discrete phase compensation using positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diodes.Based on the proposed patch-dipole unit cell，two dominant dual-band modes are identified，which provides theoretical validation for the dual-band operation of the proposed unit cell.Through simulation verification and fabrication measurement，the designed unit cell achieves a reflection phase regulation of 180°±20° at 28 GHz and 38 GHz.The RRA composed of these cells is simulated at 28 GHz and 38 GHz，respectively.The simulation results show that the antenna has the function of two-dimensional (2D) beam scanning，with the maximum gains of 24.7 dBi and 27.1 dBi and the aperture efficiencies of 32.7% and 30.8%.Featuring dual-band operation in 5G millimeter-wave frequencies，this antenna shows significant potential for applications in dual-band reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs).
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YU Lu, YANG Yang, HUANG Yuxuan, WEI Jie, SHUANG Xiaochuan
2026,43(4):132-140 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.014
Abstract:
In response to the demand of high reliability on-orbit maintenance for spaceborne software，this paper proposes a multi-modal reconstruction system that enables dynamic software updates through an innovative storage architecture and multi version collaborative control mechanism.The tri-state storage partition is designed based on an embedded file system，combined with a hierarchical boot control logic，ensuring the gold version anti tampering and dynamic version secure switching.The BSDIFF incremental update algorithm，integrated with an adaptive compression transmission strategy is used to construct a full process control model covering instruction injection，data verification，atomic writing，and closed-loop feedback，ensuring the efficiency and reliability of the reconstruction process.Through multi-modal technology collaboration，the system supports multiple scenarios such as full updates，incremental patches，and emergency hot fixes，balancing the reconstruction timeliness and extreme environmental adaptability.The engineering practice shows that this reconstruction system significantly improves the maintenance efficiency and system robustness of spaceborne software，providing reliable technical support for long-term spacecraft operation in complex space environments.
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Assessment of Fuzz Button Contact Lifetime Under High Temperature and Temperature Cycling Conditions
ZHAO Liyou, DENG Tianwei, WANG Bo, ZHU Minwei, KONG Zebin, GONG Dandan
2026,43(4):141-149 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.015
Abstract:
Fuzz button is prone to relaxation and oxidation under high temperature and temperature cycling conditions，resulting in degradation of contact performance and even failure.In this paper，high temperature and temperature cycling tests are carried out on fuzz button to reveal its degradation law of contact performance，and the reliability assessment method for fuzz button is studied.Three stress conditions are set for the high temperature and temperature cycling tests，respectively，i.e.，125 ℃，150 ℃，200 ℃ and -55 ℃~125 ℃，-55 ℃~150 ℃，-55 ℃~200 ℃.During the tests，the compression of the fuzz button is about 15%，and the contact resistance，compression force，and compression height of the fuzz button are monitored.The results show that the length of the fuzz button becomes shorter rapidly，and then gradually tends to be stable at high temperature.Within 500 cycles，the length of the fuzz button gradually becomes shorter.Under high temperature and temperature cycling conditions，both the relationship between the compression force change and time and the relationship between the contact resistance degradation and time can be described by power functions.The reliability assessment method based on performance degradation is used to assess the contact lifetime of fuzz button under high temperature and temperature cycling conditions.The results show that the contact lifetime t50% of the beryllium bronze fuzz button with Ni/Au coating is about 5.44 years at 70 ℃ and about 1 046 temperature cycles under the temperature cycle of -55 ℃~125 ℃.
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XIAN Ruohui, YU Jun, ZHANG Wei, SHENG Pengfeng, LIU Kaiyi, WANG Wei, WANG Zhanshan
2026,43(4):150-162 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.016
Abstract:
Imaging X-ray telescopes are pivotal instruments for studying extreme astrophysical processes in the universe.During their development， ground performance testing serves as a critical feedback mechanism， characterizing imaging performance and guiding technical optimization.The key components of the ground testing systems include collimated X-ray beams and detectors meeting resolution requirements.Significant methodological differences arise when using wide-beam illumination (covering the telescope’s full aperture) or narrow-beam illumination (small-aperture fine beams).This paper systematically introduces the apparatus and methodologies for ground performance testing with imaging X-ray telescopes， analyzes the application characteristics of different setups and the operational mechanisms of various testing procedures， elaborates the data processing and error analysis， and discusses the future development trends and optimization directions for ground testing techniques.
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HUANG Pu, CAI Yingkai, FANG Zhengqing, WANG Zhaokui
2026,43(4):163-173 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.017
Abstract:
With the continuous expansion of low-Earth-orbit mega-constellations，the number of malfunctioned satellites is accumulating.Under the influence of atmospheric drag，these malfunctioned satellites may experience dangerous close encounters with operational satellites in either coplanar or non-coplanar orbits，potentially leading to collision risks.To address this challenge，this paper proposes a collision risk assessment method for malfunctioned satellites within constellations.First，based on the long-term orbital evolution characteristics of constellation satellites，a phase angle deviation equation between the malfunctioned and operational satellites is established by introducing a virtual satellite.Second，a collision probability calculation framework for the malfunctioned and operational satellites is constructed by orbital intersection geometry.Finally，numerical simulation experiments are conducted on the Starlink constellation.The results indicate that the collision probability of the malfunctioned satellite and non-coplanar orbit satellite is significantly lower than that of the malfunctioned satellite and coplanar orbit satellite，but the relative speed is high and the collision consequence is serious，which needs to be paid attention to.At the same time，the collision probability of the malfunctioned satellite and constellation presents a unique ‘oblique band’ distribution，indicating that the phase configuration of the constellation will cause the malfunctioned satellite to approach the satellite with a specific phase interval more frequently，which can provide important theoretical support for constellation configuration optimization and safety management.The overall internal collision probability of the constellation caused by the malfunctioned satellite is about 47.6 %，which is close to and slightly lower than the 67.73 % external collision risk caused by space debris with a size of more than 6 cm.This also shows that the satellite malfunctioned rate and its disposal strategy will become the focus of future constellation safety management.The method proposed in this paper can provide a theoretical basis for constellation configuration optimization and collision risk control.
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LIANG Zexi, QIAO Bing, CAO Jingjing
2026,43(4):174-188 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.018
Abstract:
On-orbit service mission planning technology can extend the service life of spacecraft and ensure their safe and stable operation.On-orbit service planning refers to the rational design of the number，location，service time，transfer orbit，etc.of the service satellites under certain constraints so as to meet the mission requirements and achieve the optimization goals such as the least fuel consumption and the shortest time.This paper presents a review on the development of on-orbit service mission planning technology.First，the definition，classification，and current research status of on-orbit services at home and abroad are introduced.Second，the research progress of mission planning under different modes for on-orbit service planning technology are summarized.Third，the important issues in on-orbit service mission planning are analyzed，including mission type，constraints，objectives，and dynamics，and a mathematical model is established.Fourth，the decision variables and optimization algorithms in the solution of on-orbit service mission planning are summarized and introduced.Finally，the research status of on-orbit service mission planning is summarized，and the future development is prospected.
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GAO Youtao, HUO Yulong, GAO Xudong, LIU Jingxi
2026,43(4):189-202 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.019
Abstract:
Aiming at the high-precision navigation enhancement requirement in the mid-latitude southeastern coastal region，this paper proposes a design scheme for the regional low-orbit navigation enhancement constellation based on the Flower configuration.To address the pain points of high parameter redundancy and low regional coverage efficiency of traditional global constellations，a model for reducing the right ascension range of the orbital ascending node is established，a weighted geometric dilution of precision (GDOP) evaluation index based on the geographic characteristics is constructed，and a staged adaptive differential evolution (DE) algorithm (SADE) is designed to achieve the efficient search of multi-constrained parameters.The simulation results show that the designed constellation achieves 100% continuous coverage in the target region with an average GDOP of 1.728，which is superior to the performance of BeiDou-3 (BDS3) in the same target region.Moreover，the joint analysis demonstrates that when integrated with BDS3，the regional average GDOP decreases significantly to 1.178，and the average number of visible satellites increases to 25.9，effectively achieving a multiplication of navigation efficiency and enhanced robustness in complex environments.This study breaks through the contradiction of global optimization and regional enhancement in the existing low-orbit constellation design.The proposed phased parameter freezing mechanism has a convergence speed improvement of nearly 55% compared with the traditional DE algorithm，providing theoretical support and design paradigm for the deployment of regional enhanced constellation engineering.
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YANG Shengqing, YUE Yang, CHEN Hua, LIU Meishi, WANG Jiayi
2026,43(4):203-215 ,DOI: 10.19328/j.cnki.2096-8655.2026.04.020
Abstract:
The high-precision space trajectory revisit for repeat-pass interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites usually forms a virtual formation system based on the reference orbit.The autonomous orbit control always has the characteristics of high-frequency and small control magnitude.With the increasing number of satellite projects with revisit orbital maintenance missions at home and abroad，a state assessment method for orbital maintenance needs to be established with the official released two-line element (TLE) data instead of telemetry data.The state assessment method for orbital maintenance primarily involves two aspects，i.e.，the long-term orbital motion characteristics under orbit control and the inversion analysis of the orbit control strategy.Ground-based tracking data have the characteristics of being sparse，non-uniform，and integrated with control effects.In the data analysis process，a data-driven analysis method is applied for the frequency analysis of periodic motion.By solving the orbital parameters，it can be confirmed that the orbit maintenance control enables the satellite to maintain the long-term solar-synchronous and frozen orbit characteristics.Both the orbit characteristics are primarily influenced by the J2 term of the non-spherical gravitational field of the Earth.The perturbed motion of low orbit satellites also manifests as the orbital decay caused by atmospheric drag and long-term/periodic changes in the orbital inclination caused by the third-body gravitational perturbations.These perturbations alter the motion state of virtual formation，which needs to be modified by autonomous navigation and orbit control.For the inversion analysis of the orbit control strategy，the continuity of the semi-major axis is analyzed to identify the in-plane control points and control magnitudes.By comparing the analytical solutions of the periodic terms and the data continuity of the orbital inclination，the out-of-plane control points and control effectiveness are determined.
